Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has swept the world, unlike any other pandemic in
the last 50 years. Our understanding of the disease has evolved rapidly since the outbreak; …

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are contagious pathogens responsible for severe respiratory
infection in humans and animals worldwide. Upon detection of IAV infection, host immune …

Excessive cytokine signaling frequently exacerbates lung tissue damage during respiratory
viral infection. Type I (IFN-α and IFN-β) and III (IFN-λ) interferons are host-produced antiviral …

The recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS–CoV-2) is
the causative agent of the devastating COVID-19 lung disease pandemic. Here, we tested …

The microbiota is known to modulate the host response to influenza infection through as-yet-
unclear mechanisms. We hypothesized that components of the microbiota exert effects …

Type I interferons (IFNs) have diverse effects on innate and adaptive immune cells during
infection with viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi, directly and/or indirectly through the …

Lambda interferons (IFNλs) or type III IFNs share homology, expression patterns, signaling
cascades, and antiviral functions with type I IFNs. This has complicated the unwinding of …

Type I interferon (IFNα/β) pathways are fine-tuned to elicit antiviral protection while
minimizing immunopathology; however, the initiating stimuli, target tissues, and underlying …

Influenza viruses are a major pathogen of both humans and animals. Recent studies using
gene-knockout mice have led to an in-depth understanding of the innate sensors that detect …

Type III interferon (IFN-λ) was initially thought to have functions similar to those of the type I
interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β). New findings have indicated, however, that IFN-λ has a non …