Obesity leads to chronic, systemic inflammation and can lead to insulin resistance (IR), β-cell
dysfunction, and ultimately type 2 diabetes (T2D). This chronic inflammatory state …

Insulin resistance is the pivotal pathogenic component of many metabolic diseases,
including type 2 diabetes mellitus, and is defined as a state of reduced responsiveness of …

The human ageing process is universal, ubiquitous and inevitable. Every physiological
function is being continuously diminished. There is a range between two distinct phenotypes …

Abstract Type 2 diabetes (T2D), which has currently become a global pandemic, is a
metabolic disease largely characterised by impaired insulin secretion and action. Significant …

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are the most frequent metabolic disorders, but their causes
remain largely unclear. Insulin resistance, the common underlying abnormality, results from …

Obesity is one of the major health burdens of the 21st century as it contributes to the growing
prevalence of its related comorbidities, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes …

Many studies have reported that metabolic dysfunction is closely involved in the complex
mechanism underlying the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which …

As the principal tissue for insulin-stimulated glucose disposal, skeletal muscle is a primary
driver of whole-body glycemic control. Skeletal muscle also uniquely responds to muscle …

The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of
research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some …

The interplay of gut microbiota, host metabolism, and metabolic health has gained increased
attention. Gut microbiota may play a regulatory role in gastrointestinal health, substrate …