Dopamine is a critical modulator of both learning and motivation. This presents a problem:
how can target cells know whether increased dopamine is a signal to learn or to move? It is …

Reversal learning paradigms are among the most widely used tests of cognitive flexibility
and have been used as assays, across species, for altered cognitive processes in a host of …

We propose that schizophrenia involves a combination of decreased phasic dopamine
responses for relevant stimuli and increased spontaneous phasic dopamine release. Using …

Introduction Pleasure and reward are generated by brain circuits that are largely shared
between humans and other animals. Discussion Here, we survey some fundamental topics …

Physical exercise improves motor performance in individuals with Parkinson's disease and
elevates mood in those with depression. Although underlying factors have not been …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is traditionally conceptualised as a disorder of movement, but
recent data suggest that motivational deficits may be more pervasive than previously …

In our target article, we proposed that addiction could be envisioned as misperformance of a
decision-making machinery described by two systems (deliberative and habit systems) …

Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons fire in 2 characteristic modes, tonic and phasic, which are
thought to modulate distinct aspects of behavior. However, the inability to selectively disrupt …

Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by an expansion of cytosine–adenine–guanine (CAG)
repeats in the huntingtin gene, which leads to neuronal loss in the striatum and cortex and to …

Here we challenge the view that reward‐guided learning is solely controlled by the
mesoaccumbens pathway arising from dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area …