Quantifying rates of climate change in mountain regions is of considerable interest, not least
because mountains are viewed as climate “hotspots” where change can anticipate or …

This article provides a synthesis of the latest observational trends and projections for the
future of the Arctic. First, the Arctic is already changing rapidly as a result of climate change …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Ice loss from the Greenland ice sheet is one of the largest sources of contemporary sea-level
rise (SLR). While process-based models place timescales on Greenland's deglaciation, their …

The cryosphere (including, snow, glaciers, permafrost, lake and river ice) is an integral
element of high mountain regions, which are home to roughly 10% of the global population …

Glaciers distinct from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets cover an area of approximately
706,000 square kilometres globally, with an estimated total volume of 170,000 cubic …

The mountain cryosphere of mainland Europe is recognized to have important impacts on a
range of environmental processes. In this paper, we provide an overview on the current …

The cryosphere in mountain regions is rapidly declining, a trend that is expected to
accelerate over the next several decades due to anthropogenic climate change. A cascade …

Observations show that glaciers around the world are in retreat and losing mass.
Internationally coordinated for over a century, glacier monitoring activities provide an …

Glacier mass loss is recognized as a major contributor to current sea level rise. However,
large uncertainties remain in projections of glacier mass loss on global and regional scales …