Birds have many kinds of internal and external parasites, including viruses, bacteria and
fungi, as well as protozoa, helminths and arthropods. Because parasites have negative …

Partial migration, a phenomenon wherein only some individuals within a population migrate,
is taxonomically widespread. While well-studied in birds and fish, partial migration in large …

Studies of animal locomotion and movement largely assume that individuals are healthy and
performing to the best of their abilities in ways which are adapted to their survival. However …

Migrations, ie the recurring, roundtrip movement of animals between distant and distinct
habitats, occur among diverse metazoan taxa. Although traditionally linked to avoidance of …

Billions of animals migrate between breeding and non-breeding areas worldwide. Partial
migration, where both migrants and residents coexist within a population, occurs in most …

Seasonal migrations are fascinating and ecologically important, but many migratory species
are declining as climate change and land‐use change alter the habitats used by migrants …

Migratory animals are simultaneously challenged by the physiological demands of long-
distance movements and the need to avoid natural enemies including parasites and …

Long-distance animal movements can increase exposure to diverse parasites, but can also
reduce infection risk through escape from contaminated habitats or culling of infected …

Migratory animals are widely assumed to play an important role in the long‐distance
dispersal of parasites, and are frequently implicated in the global spread of zoonotic …

Animal movement impacts the spread of human and wildlife diseases, and there is
significant interest in understanding the role of migrations, biological invasions and other …