Immunotherapy is regarded as the most promising treatment for cancers. Various cancer
immunotherapies, including adoptive cellular immunotherapy, tumor vaccines, antibodies …

Liquid biopsy refers to the sampling and molecular analysis of the biofluids of circulating
tumor cells, extracellular vesicles, nucleic acids, and so forth. Exosomes are small …

In the era of the rapid development of cancer immunotherapy, there is a high level of interest
in the application of cell-released small vesicles that stimulate the immune system. As cell …

Exosomes have a crucial role in intercellular communication and mediate interactions
between tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Exosome-encapsulated …

Exosomes are a subset of tiny extracellular vesicles manufactured by all cells and are
present in all body fluids. They are produced actively in tumor cells, which are released and …

Abstract Background 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) has been commonly prescribed for patients with
colorectal cancer (CRC), but resistance to 5-FU is one of the main reasons for failure in …

Metastasis, a critical phase of tumor progression, remains a primary challenge in treating
cancer and a major cause of cancer mortality. Cell-cell communication via extracellular …

The sustained growth, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells depend upon bidirectional
cell–cell communication within complex tissue environments. Such communication …

Platinum-based anticancer drugs, including cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, nedaplatin,
and lobaplatin, are heavily applied in chemotherapy regimens. However, the intrinsic or …

Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment over the past decade. Nonetheless,
prolonged survival is limited to relatively few patients. Cancers enforce a multifaceted …