In hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the interplay between the virus and the host immune
system is crucial in determining the pathogenesis of the disease. Patients who fail to mount …

RNA-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have proven critical to limiting COVID-19
disease severity and spread. Cellular mechanisms driving antigen-specific responses to …

Introduction The hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and
mortality worldwide. In developing countries, HBV is the most common etiology of those liver …

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells drive humoral immunity by facilitating B cell responses at the
initial and recall phases. Recent studies have indicated the possible involvement of Tfh cells …

Background Chronic HBV infection is always accompanied by differences in the balance
between regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T-helper 17 (Th17) cells in infection phases. IL-21 …

Background Immunotargets including checkpoint inhibitors and toll-like receptor 8 agonists
have recently gained attention for the recovery of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific T cell …

Background Myasthenia gravis (MG) and the experimental autoimmune MG (EAMG) animal
model are characterized by T-cell-induced and B-cell-dominated autoimmune diseases that …

The replication of HBV in hepatocytes can be effectively inhibited by lifelong antiviral
therapy. Because of the long‐term presence of HBV reservoirs, the virus rebound frequently …

Numerous canonical cellular signaling pathways modulate hepatitis B virus (HBV)
replication. HBV genome products are known to play a significant role in regulating these …

This chapter provides novel information about the survival features of hepatic resident
stem/progenitor cells (NG2+ HSPs) during liver fibrosis/cirrhotic development. A well-defined …