The complexity, diversity, and heterogeneity of tumors seriously undermine the therapeutic
potential of treatment. Therefore, the current trend in clinical research has gradually shifted …

Immunotherapy has emerged as an effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of a
variety of diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, inflammatory diseases, and …

Nanoparticle (NP)-based mRNA cancer vaccines hold great promise to realize personalized
cancer treatments. To advance this technology requires delivery formulations for efficient …

Subunit vaccines are more advantageous than live attenuated vaccines in terms of safety
and scale-up manufacture. However, this often comes as a trade-off to their efficacy. Over …

Vaccines are one of the most powerful technologies supporting public health. The adaptive
immune response induced by immunization arises following appropriate activation and …

Personalized cancer vaccines (PCVs) are reinvigorating vaccine strategies in cancer
immunotherapy. In contrast to adoptive T-cell therapy and checkpoint blockade, the PCV …

Subunit vaccines generally proceed through a 4-step in vivo cascade—the DUMP cascade—
to generate potent cell-mediated immune responses:(1) drainage to lymph nodes;(2) uptake …

Due to their ability to elicit a potent immune reaction with low systemic toxicity, cancer
vaccines represent a promising strategy for treating tumors. Considerable effort has been …

Vaccines activate suitable immune responses to fight against diseases but can possess
limitations such as compromised efficacy and immunogenic responses, poor stability, and …

Strategies of improving vaccine targeting ability toward lymph nodes have been attracting
considerable interest in recent years, though there are remaining delivery barriers based on …