Cancer immunity, and the potential for cancer immunotherapy, have been topics of scientific
discussion and experimentation for over a hundred years. Several successful cancer …

Accumulating evidence suggests that a high tumour burden has a negative effect on
anticancer immunity. The concept of tumour burden, simply defined as the total amount of …

In chronic infections and in cancer, persistent antigen stimulation under suboptimal
conditions can lead to the induction of T-cell exhaustion. Exhausted T cells are …

The T‐cell response is central in the adaptive immune‐mediated elimination of pathogen‐
infected and/or cancer cells. This activated T‐cell response can inflict an overwhelming …

The upregulation of immune checkpoint molecules, such as programmed cell death protein
1 (PD1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), on immune cells occurs during acute …

In chronic infections and cancer, T cells are exposed to persistent antigen and/or
inflammatory signals. This scenario is often associated with the deterioration of T cell …

Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell lineage that arise during chronic infections
and cancers in animal models and humans. Tex cells are characterized by progressive loss …

The emergence of immuno-oncology as the first broadly successful strategy for metastatic
cancer will require clinicians to integrate this new pillar of medicine with chemotherapy …

Adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can mediate regression of
metastatic melanoma; however, TILs are a heterogeneous population, and there are no …

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is the principal ligand of programmed death 1 (PD-1), a
coinhibitory receptor that can be constitutively expressed or induced in myeloid, lymphoid …