Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a powerful tool to probe in vivo brain circuits, as it
allows to assess several cortical properties such as excitability, plasticity and connectivity in …

Bradykinesia is one of the cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease and other
parkinsonisms. The various clinical aspects related to bradykinesia and the …

Musical training has emerged as a useful framework for the investigation of training-related
plasticity in the human brain. Learning to play an instrument is a highly complex task that …

This review presents the neurophysiologic principles and clinical applications of transcranial
magnetic stimulation (TMS) and other related techniques of noninvasive cortical stimulation …

Noninvasive transcranial stimulation is being increasingly used by clinicians and
neuroscientists to alter deliberately the status of the human brain. Important applications are …

Metaplasticity refers to the modification of plasticity induction (direction, magnitude, duration)
by previous activity of the same postsynaptic neuron or neuronal network. In recent years …

The final goal of motor learning, a complex process that includes both implicit and explicit (or
declarative) components, is the optimization and automatization of motor skills. Motor …

Paired associative stimulation (PAS) can increase motor cortical excitability, possibly by long-
term potentiation (LTP)-like mechanisms. As the capability of the cortex for plasticity …

Preliminary evidence indicates that dopamine given by mouth facilitates the learning of
motor skills and improves the recovery of movement after stroke. The mechanism of these …

This review is part of the series on the clinical neurophysiology of movement disorders. It
focuses on Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism. The topics covered include the …