Epidemiological studies have provided compelling evidence that multiple sclerosis (MS) is a
rare complication of infection with the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), a herpesvirus that infects …

NF-κB pathway consists of canonical and non-canonical pathways. The canonical NF-κB is
activated by various stimuli, transducing a quick but transient transcriptional activity, to …

In the past 15 years, B cells have been rediscovered to be not merely bystanders but rather
active participants in autoimmune aetiology. This has been fuelled in part by the clinical …

Surviving a single infection often results in lifelong immunity to the infecting pathogen. Such
protection is mediated, in large part, by two main B cell memory 'walls'—namely, long-lived …

Protective humoral memory forms in secondary lymphoid organs where B cells undergo
affinity maturation and differentiation into memory or plasma cells. Here, we provide a …

Immunological memory is required for protection against repeated infections and is the basis
of all effective vaccines. Antibodies produced by memory B cells play an essential role in …

Following infection or vaccination, activated B cells at extrafollicular sites or within germinal
centers (GCs) undergo vigorous clonal proliferation. Proliferating lymphocytes have been …

Droplet microfluidics has revolutionized the study of single cells. The ability to
compartmentalize cells within picoliter droplets in microfluidic devices has opened up a wide …

The B cell receptor (BCR) initiates immune responses through antigen recognition. We
report a 3.3-angstrom cryo–electron microscopy structure of human immunoglobulin M (IgM) …

Since the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL), its cognate receptor
activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK), and the decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) …