Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder with a longstanding history of
neurobiological investigation. Although the underlying causal mechanisms remain …

This article is part of a Special Issue “SBN 2014”. Women are more vulnerable to stress-and
fear-based disorders, such as anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Despite the …

How do our brains determine whether something is good or bad? How is this computational
goal implemented in biological systems? Given the critical importance of valence processing …

Tyrosine hydroxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme of catecholamine biosynthesis; it uses
tetrahydrobiopterin and molecular oxygen to convert tyrosine to DOPA. Its amino terminal …

For more than 50 years, psychologists and neuroscientists have recognized the importance
of a working memory to coordinate processing when multiple goals are active and to guide …

The authors present a unified account of 2 neural systems concerned with the development
and expression of adaptive behaviors: a mesencephalic dopamine system for reinforcement …

Through a widespread efferent projection system, the locus coeruleus–noradrenergic
system supplies norepinephrine throughout the central nervous system. Initial studies …

Psychologists and neuroscientists have had a long-standing interest in the P3, a prominent
component of the event-related brain potential. This review aims to integrate knowledge …

Stress is a biologically significant factor that, by altering brain cell properties, can disturb
cognitive processes such as learning and memory, and consequently limit the quality of …

The prefrontal cortex has been implicated in a variety of cognitive and executive processes,
including working memory, decision-making, inhibitory response control, attentional set …