Evolution is the hallmark of life. Descriptions of the evolution of microorganisms have
provided a wealth of information, but knowledge regarding “what happened” has precluded …

Tumours vary in gene expression programmes and genetic alterations. Understanding this
diversity and its biological meaning requires a theoretical framework, which could in turn …

Antibiotics, by definition, reduce bacterial growth rates in optimal culture conditions;
however, the real-world environments bacteria inhabit see rapid growth punctuated by …

In their simplest form, the dynamics of populations are described in terms of two parameters:
r, the intrinsic rate of increase; and K, the carrying capacity of the population. These two …

Considering the significance of biological and eco-friendly nanomaterials, in the present
study, we have synthesized silver nanoparticles from the exopolysaccharide of recently …

Laboratory assays such as MIC tests assume that antibiotic molecules are stable in the
chosen growth medium—but rapid degradation has been observed for antibiotics including …

Hundreds of million tons of food waste (FW) is annually generated from the household
sectors. Also, it is regarded as a main conduit for the spread of antibiotic resistance genes …

Candida species are common human fungal pathogens causing a wide range of clinical
diseases, ranging from superficial infections to life-threatening systemic disease. Superficial …

The extraordinary diversity and adaptive fit of organisms to their environment depends
fundamentally on the availability of variation. While most population genetic frameworks …

Competition drives evolutionary change across taxa, but our understanding of how
competitive differences among species directs the evolution of interspecific interactions …