The gastrointestinal immune system plays an important role in immune homeostasis
regulation. It regulates the symbiotic host-microbiome interactions by training and …

Cluster of differentiation (CD) antigens are cell surface molecules expressed on leukocytes
and other cells associated with the immune system. Antibodies that react with CD antigens …

Tetrapods contain a single CD4 coreceptor with four Ig domains that likely arose from a
primordial two-domain ancestor. Notably, teleost fish contain two CD4 genes. Like tetrapod …

In the present study, we review the structure and function of fish spleen with special
emphasis on its condition in Elasmobranchs, Teleosts and Lungfish. Apart from the amount …

CD4 is a nonpolymorphic transmembrane glycoprotein molecule that is expressed on the
surface of T-helper cells and plays an essential role in the immune response. It functions as …

Adaptive immunity in homeotherms depends greatly on CD4+ Th cells which release
cytokines in response to specific antigen stimulation. Whilst bony fish and poikilothermic …

A phenomenon already discovered more than 25 years ago is the possibility of naïve helper
T cells to polarize into TH1 or TH2 populations. In a simplified model, these polarizations …

Utilization of specialized Th1 cells to resist intracellular pathogenic infection represents an
important innovation of adaptive immunity. Although transcriptional evidence indicates the …

Fish (along with cyclostomes) constitute the most ancient animal group in which an acquired
immune system is present. As in higher vertebrates, both B and T lymphocytes cooperate in …

In the previous study, antibodies against CD3 molecule have been produced and were used
in labeling T cells in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). In this paper, CD4+ and …