The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a barrier that separates the blood from the brain tissue and
possesses unique characteristics that make the delivery of drugs to the brain a great …

Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-
dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately …

Abstract The European honeybee, Apis mellifera, is an important pollinator of agricultural
crops. Since 2006, when unexpectedly high colony losses were first reported, articles have …

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are a family of ligand-gated ion
channels present in the central and peripheral nervous systems, that are permeable to mono …

Cys-loop receptors are membrane-spanning neurotransmitter-gated ion channels that are
responsible for fast excitatory and inhibitory transmission in the peripheral and central …

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ligand-gated ion channels that are
widely distributed both pre-and post-synaptically in the mammalian brain. By modulating …

Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) is a behavioral procedure in which operant responding is
maintained by pulses of electrical brain stimulation. In research to study abuse-related drug …

More than 70% of adolescents report to have smoked a cigarette at least once. At the
adolescent stage the brain has not completed its maturation. The prefrontal cortex (PFC), the …

The destruction of crops by invertebrate pests is a major threat against a background of a
continuously rising demand in food supply for a growing world population. Therefore …

Abstract The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of
the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an …