Why is drug resistance common and vaccine resistance rare? Drugs and vaccines both
impose substantial pressure on pathogen populations to evolve resistance and indeed, drug …

Insensitivity and technical complexity have impeded the implementation of high-throughput
nucleic acid sequencing in differential diagnosis of viral infections in clinical laboratories …

Enteroviruses are among the best studied small non‐enveloped enteric RNA viruses. Most
enteroviruses are easy to isolate in cell culture, and many non‐polio enterovirus strains …

Influenza virus can escape most antibodies with single mutations. However, rare antibodies
broadly neutralize many viral strains. It is unclear how easily influenza virus might escape …

Community protective immunity can affect RNA virus evolution by selecting for new antigenic
variants on the scale of years, exemplified by the need of annual evaluation of influenza …

For the past few decades, the Eastern Mediterranean Region has been one area of the
world profoundly shaped by war and political instability. On-going conflict and destruction …

Vaccination has essentially eradicated poliovirus. Yet, its mutation rate is higher than that of
viruses like HIV, for which no effective vaccine exists. To investigate this, we infer a fitness …

The polioviruses (PVs) are mainly transmitted by direct contact with an infected person
through the fecal-oral route and respiratory secretions (or more rarely via contaminated …

To monitor vulnerability of countries to poliovirus (PV) outbreaks, serosurveillance of anti-PV
neutralization antibody is conducted by conventional PV neutralization test (cPNT), which …

Abstract Background. Israel has> 95% polio vaccine coverage with the last 9 birth cohorts
immunized exclusively with inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). Using acute flaccid paralysis and …