β2 integrins are heterodimeric surface receptors composed of a variable α (CD11a-CD11d)
and a constant β (CD18) subunit and are specifically expressed by leukocytes. The α …

Immune control of Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of most canine leishmaniosis
(CanL), requires a balancing act between inflammatory and regulatory responses. This …

Protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus are the causative agents of leishmaniasis, a
group of neglected tropical diseases whose clinical manifestations vary depending on the …

The immune system consists of various cells, organs, and processes that interact in a
sophisticated manner to defend against pathogens. Upon initial exposure to an invader …

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by different species of Leishmania and
transmitted through the bite of sand flies vector. Macrophages (MΦ), the target cells of …

The Trypanosomatidae family includes the genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania,
protozoan parasites displaying complex digenetic life cycles requiring a vertebrate host and …

Leishmania are protozoan parasites spread by a sandfly insect vector and causing a
spectrum of diseases collectively known as leishmaniasis. The disease is a significant …

Cytokines play crucial roles in commencing and coordinating the organized recruitment and
activation of immune cells during infection. These molecular regulators play an important …

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne neglected tropical disease endemic in over 100 countries
around the world. Available control measures are not always successful, therapeutic options …

In contrast with Th1 immune responses against pathogenic viruses and bacteria, the
incipient events that generate Th2 responses remain less understood. One difficulty in the …