RNA silencing is a homology-dependent gene inactivation mechanism that regulates a wide
range of biological processes including antiviral defense. To deal with host antiviral …

Potyvirus is the largest genus of plant viruses causing significant losses in a wide range of
crops. Potyviruses are aphid transmitted in a nonpersistent manner and some of them are …

Hormones are tuners of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. They are involved in
various complicated networks, through which they modulate responses to different stimuli …

RNA silencing is a central regulator of gene expression in most eukaryotes and acts both at
the transcriptional level through DNA methylation and at the post-transcriptional level …

Phytohormones mediate plant development and responses to stresses caused by biotic
agents or abiotic factors. The functions of phytohormones in responses to viral infection have …

RNA viruses have very compact genomes and so provide a unique opportunity to study how
evolution works to optimize the use of very limited genomic information. A widespread viral …

Plant viruses are biotrophic pathogens that need living tissue for their multiplication and
thus, in the infection–defence equilibrium, they do not normally cause plant death. In some …

RNA silencing plays a critical role in plant resistance against viruses, with multiple silencing
factors participating in antiviral defense. Both RNA and DNA viruses are targeted by the …

How viroids, tiny non‐protein‐coding RNAs (∼ 250–400 nt), incite disease is unclear. One
hypothesis is that viroid‐derived small RNAs (vd‐sRNAs; 21–24 nt) resulting from the host …

The regulation of signalling capacity, combined with the spatiotemporal distribution of
developmental signals themselves, is pivotal in setting developmental responses in both …