Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease triggered by environmental factors that act
on a genetically susceptible host. It features three clinical stages: a pre-clinical stage …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that
involves demyelination and axonal degeneration. Although substantial progress has been …

Microglia are implicated in all stages of multiple sclerosis (MS). Microglia alterations are
detected by positron emission tomography in people living with MS prior to the formation of …

In contrast to the multiple disease-modifying therapies that are available for relapsing–
remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), the therapeutic options for progressive MS (PMS) are …

The factor that is most relevant and strongly associated with the clinical course of multiple
sclerosis is chronological age. Very young patients exclusively have relapsing remitting …

There are over 15 disease-modifying drugs that have been approved over the last 20 years
for the treatment of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), but there are limited …

The statins have been used for 30 years to prevent coronary artery disease and stroke. Their
primary mechanism of action is the lowering of serum cholesterol through inhibiting hepatic …

The modern era of multiple sclerosis (MS) treatment began 25 years ago, with the approval
of IFNβ and glatiramer acetate for the treatment of relapsing–remitting MS. Ten years later …

The blood coagulation protein fibrinogen is deposited in the brain in a wide range of
neurological diseases and traumatic injuries with blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption …

Objective Gray matter (GM) atrophy occurs in all multiple sclerosis (MS) phenotypes. We
investigated whether there is a spatiotemporal pattern of GM atrophy that is associated with …