Research on avoidance conditioning began in the late 1930s as a way to use laboratory
experiments to better understand uncontrollable fear and anxiety. Avoidance was initially …

Importance Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common psychiatric illness,
increasingly in the public spotlight in the United States due its prevalence in the soldiers …

The mortality rate of patients affected with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been
stable in recent decades due to several factors, especially diagnostic delay, which is often …

Many mammals have evolved to be social creatures. In humans, the ability to learn from
others' experiences is essential to survival; and from an early age, individuals are …

Background Comorbidity of anxiety disorders, stressor-and trauma-related disorders, and
substance use disorders is extremely common. Moreover, therapies that reduce pathological …

De novo protein synthesis is required for long-term memory consolidation. Dynamic
regulation of protein synthesis occurs via a complex interplay of translation factors and …

Avoidance behavior is a hallmark in pathological anxiety disorders and results in impairment
of daily activities. Individual differences in avoidance responses are critical in determining …

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) plays a critical modulatory role in driving fear
responses. Part of the so-called extended amygdala, this region shares many functions and …

In complex environments, organisms must respond adaptively to situations despite
conflicting information. Under natural (ie non-laboratory) circumstances, it is rare that cues or …

Pain is a complex sensory and affective experience. Through its anticipation, animals can
learn to avoid pain. Much is known about passive avoidance during a painful event; …