It was not until 1984 that women were permitted to compete in the Olympic marathon. Today,
more women than men participate in road racing in all distances except the marathon where …

In this review, we argue that several key features of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max)
should underpin discussions about the biological and reductionist determinants of its …

Multiple epidemiological studies document that habitual physical activity reduces the risk of
atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), and most demonstrate progressively lower …

Background—It is unclear whether, and to what extent, the striking cardiac morphological
manifestations of endurance athletes are a result of exercise training or a genetically …

The role of the sports cardiologist has evolved into an essential component of the medical
care of athletes. In addition to the improvement in health outcomes caused by reductions in …

Aerobic exercise training leads to cardiovascular changes that markedly increase aerobic
power and lead to improved endurance performance. The functionally most important …

The recent success of continuous-flow circulatory support devices has led to the growing
acceptance of these devices as a viable therapeutic option for end-stage heart failure …

Background: Poor fitness in middle age is a risk factor for heart failure, particularly heart
failure with a preserved ejection fraction. The development of heart failure with a preserved …

Maximal oxygen uptake is a physiological characteristic bounded by the parametric limits of
the Fick equation:(left ventricular (LV) end‐diastolic volume− LV end‐systolic volume)× heart …

The “classification of sports” section has been a part of each iteration of the
recommendations for participation in sports and provides a framework by which athletes with …