Research on the effectiveness of grade retention has a long history, yet, has seen an
upsurge during the last decade. In this study, we review 84 recent, methodologically sound …

The identification of the causal effects of grade retention policies is of enormous relevance
for researchers and policymakers alike. Taking advantage of the availability of more detailed …

Many American states require that students lacking basic reading proficiency after third
grade be retained and remediated. We exploit a discontinuity in retention probabilities under …

The author uses Maxwell's method of literature reviews for educational research to focus on
literature relevant to test-based grade retention policies to make the following argument …

School systems around the world use achievement tests to assign students to schools,
classes, and instructional resources, including remediation. Using a regression discontinuity …

Thanks to extraordinary and exponential improvements in data storage and computing
capacities, it is now possible to collect, manage, and analyze data in magnitudes and in …

Grade retention, the practice of requiring a student to remain in the same grade the following
year, disproportionately affects students with sociodemographic risk and facing academic …

A COUNTERNARRATIVE This groundbreaking book uncovers how anti-Black racism has
informed and perpetuated anti-literacy laws, policies, and customs from the colonial period …

Test-based accountability has become the new norm in public education over the last
decade. In many states and school districts nationwide, student performance on …

Debates about grade retention weigh the academic benefits of remediation against its social
and psychological costs. Louisiana adopted a retention policy aimed at capturing these …