Immunological memory is an important evolutionary trait that improves host survival upon
reinfection. Memory is a characteristic recognized within both the innate and adaptive arms …

BACKGROUND Host immune responses are classically divided into innate immune
responses, which react rapidly and nonspecifically upon encountering a pathogen, and …

Molluscs comprise the second largest phylum of animals (after arthropods), occurring in
virtually all habitats. Some are commercially important, a few are pests and some carry …

Immune responses in vertebrates are classically divided into innate and adaptive, with only
the latter being able to build up immunological memory. However, although lacking adaptive …

To combat infection, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster relies on multiple innate defense
reactions, many of which are shared with higher organisms. These reactions include the use …

Melanisation is an important immune response in many invertebrates. Recent evidence also
strongly implies that the melanisation (prophenoloxidase activating) cascade is intimately …

Employing the clear, student-friendly style that made previous editions so popular, Insect
Physiology and Biochemistry, Fourth Edition presents an engaging and authoritative guide …

Social insects are able to mount both group‐level and individual defences against
pathogens. Here we focus on individual defences, by presenting a genome‐wide analysis of …

Although adaptive immunity is unique to vertebrates, the innate immune response seems to
have ancient origins. Common features of innate immunity in vertebrates, invertebrate …

Background Recent genomic analyses of arthropod defense mechanisms suggest
conservation of key elements underlying responses to pathogens, parasites and stresses. At …