Opioids are widely used as therapeutic agents against moderate to severe acute and
chronic pain. Still, these classes of analgesic drugs have many potential limitations as they …

Prevention of Opioid Overdose This review explains harm-reduction strategies for three
groups of patients: those who have not received previous opioid therapy, those receiving …

Use of chronic opioid therapy for chronic noncancer pain has increased substantially. The
American Pain Society and the American Academy of Pain Medicine commissioned a …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Chronic noncancer pain is common and use of opioids is increasing. Previously published
guidelines on use of opioids for chronic noncancer pain have been based primarily on …

Buprenorphine is an opioid that has a complex and unique pharmacology which provides
some advantages over other potent mu agonists. We review 12 reasons for considering …

Chronic pain in the elderly is a significant problem. Pharmacokinetic and metabolic changes
associated with increased age makes the elderly vulnerable to side effects and overdosing …

Patients requiring chronic opioid therapy may not respond to or tolerate the first opioid
prescribed to them, necessitating rotation to another opioid. They may also require dose …

The management of chronic pain remains a challenge because of its complexity and
unpredictable response to pharmacological treatment. In addition, accurate pain …

Parenteral potent opioid availability is becoming an issue in acute pain management. Two
opioids, nalbuphine and buprenorphine, are available which can be substituted for …