The incidence of cancer is continuing to rise and risk-tailored early diagnostic and/or primary
prevention strategies are urgently required. The ideal risk-predictive test should: integrate …

Now revised and updated, this widely used text comprehensively reviews theories of
addiction to give students and professionals a multidisciplinary foundation for clinical …

Accurate and reliable measurements of exposure to tobacco products are essential for
identifying and confirming patterns of tobacco product use and for assessing their potential …

Nicotine is the primary addictive agent in tobacco, and P450 2A6 (gene name: CYP2A6) is
the primary catalyst of nicotine metabolism. It was proposed more than 20 years ago that …

Background and aims The activity of CYP2A6, the major nicotine‐inactivating enzyme, is
measurable in smokers using the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR; 3′ hydroxycotinine …

Introduction Identifying genetic factors associated with smoking cessation could inform
precision cessation interventions. Of major interest is genetic variation in nicotine …

Background: Many adolescents are exposed to tobacco smoke, from either active smoking
(CS) or secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. Tobacco-specific biomarkers of exposure …

Introduction Accurate measurement of nicotine exposure from cigarette smoke is important
in studying disease risk and level of dependence. Urine total nicotine equivalents, the molar …

Background: Given the diverse cigar market and limited data on biomarker patterns by cigar
type, we compared biomarkers of nicotine and tobacco toxicants among cigar smokers and …

This study investigated the influence of the rate of nicotine metabolism, as indicated by the
nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), on tobacco dependence. We stratified 136 smokers on the …