Dopamine is a critical modulator of both learning and motivation. This presents a problem:
how can target cells know whether increased dopamine is a signal to learn or to move? It is …

Dopamine (DA) is a key neurotransmitter involved in multiple physiological functions
including motor control, modulation of affective and emotional states, reward mechanisms …

Learning to predict rewards based on environmental cues is essential for survival. It is
believed that animals learn to predict rewards by updating predictions whenever the …

The dopamine projection from ventral tegmental area (VTA) to nucleus accumbens (NAc) is
critical for motivation to work for rewards and reward-driven learning. How dopamine …

Apathy and anhedonia are common syndromes of motivation that are associated with a wide
range of brain disorders and have no established therapies. Research using animal models …

Deciding when and whether to move is critical for survival. Loss of dopamine neurons
(DANs) of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in patients with Parkinson's disease …

Herein, we demonstrated a strategy to regulate the conductive metal–organic framework
(MOF) surface, by the conjugated molecule wires for selective and sensitive determination of …

The nervous system uses fast-and slow-adapting sensory detectors in parallel to enable
neuronal representations of external states and their temporal dynamics. It is unknown …

Motivational and motor deficits are common in patients with depression and other psychiatric
disorders, and are related to symptoms of anhedonia and motor retardation. These deficits in …

Dopamine plays a central role in motivating and modifying behavior, serving to invigorate
current behavioral performance and guide future actions through learning. Here we examine …