Immunological memory can be defined as a quantitatively and qualitatively enhanced
immune response upon rechallenge. For natural killer (NK) cells, two main types of memory …

Immune responses in vertebrates are classically divided into innate and adaptive, with only
the latter being able to build up immunological memory. However, although lacking adaptive …

The innate immune system in drosophila and mammals senses the invasion of
microorganisms using the family of Toll receptors, stimulation of which initiates a range of …

In the decade since the discovery that mouse B cells respond to certain unmethylated CpG
dinucleotides in bacterial DNA, a specific receptor for these'CpG motifs' has been identified …

Unmethylated CpG motifs are prevalent in bacterial but not vertebrate genomic DNAs.
Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing CpG motifs activate host defense mechanisms …

Abstract T helper type 1 (Th1) lymphocytes secrete secrete interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-γ,
and lymphotoxin-α and stimulate type 1 immunity, which is characterized by intense …

Receptors of the innate immune system recognize conserved microbial features and provide
key signals that initiate immune responses. Multiple transmembrane and cytosolic receptors …

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) that contain immunostimulatory CpG motifs trigger
an immunomodulatory cascade that involves B and T cells, natural killer cells and …

Periodontitis is an incredibly prevalent chronic inflammatory disease, which results in the
destruction of tooth supporting structures. However, in addition to causing tooth and alveolar …

Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists have demonstrated substantial potential as vaccine
adjuvants, and as mono-or combination therapies for the treatment of cancer and infectious …