Diabetes represents a spectrum of disease in which metabolic dysfunction damages
multiple organ systems including liver, kidneys and peripheral nerves,. Although the onset …

Besides cystoid macular edema due to a blood-retinal barrier breakdown, another type of
macular cystoid spaces referred to as non-vasogenic cystoid maculopathies (NVCM) may be …

Ophthalmic epidemiology is concerned with the prevalence, distribution and other factors
relating to human eye disease. While observational studies cannot avoid confounding …

The human retina, which is part of the central nervous system, has exceptionally high energy
demands that requires an efficient metabolism of glucose, lipids, and amino acids …

Metabolomics refers to the high-through untargeted or targeted screening of metabolites in
biofluids, cells, and tissues. Metabolome reflects the functional states of cells and organs of …

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of eye disorders have identified hundreds of
genetic variants associated with ocular disease. However, the vast majority of these variants …

Proline is widely known as the only proteogenic amino acid with a secondary amine. In
addition to its crucial role in protein structure, the secondary amino acid modulates …

Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) play a critical role in the development and disease-states of
all human cell types. In the retina, CREs have been implicated in several inherited disorders …

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) acts as a potent neuroprotective cytokine in multiple
models of retinal degeneration. To understand mechanisms underlying its broad …

Patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a powerful tool for identifying
cellular and molecular mechanisms of disease. Macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel) is a …