Traditional annotation of protein-encoding genes relied on assumptions, such as one open
reading frame (ORF) encodes one protein and minimal lengths for translated proteins. With …

Interspersed repetitions called transposable elements (TEs), commonly referred to as mobile
elements, make up a significant portion of the genomes of higher animals. TEs contribute in …

There is growing interest in the role of translational regulation in cellular homeostasis during
organismal development. Translation initiation is the rate-limiting step in mRNA translation …

The gene expression pathway from DNA sequence to functional protein is not as
straightforward as simple depictions of the central dogma might suggest. Each step is highly …

Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) play widespread regulatory functions in modulating
mRNA translation in eukaryotes, but the principles underlying the genomic distribution and …

Protein translation is tightly and precisely controlled by multiple mechanisms including
upstream open reading frames (uORFs), but the origins of uORFs and their role in maize are …

Transposable elements (TEs) are a major source of genetic and regulatory variation in their
host genome and are consequently thought to play important roles in evolution. Many fungal …

Short upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are cis-acting elements located within the 5′-
leader sequence of transcripts and are defined by an initiation codon in-frame with a …

The biology of transposable elements (TEs) is a fascinating and complex field of
investigation. TEs represent a substantial fraction of many eukaryotic genomes and can …

There is a concept proposing that the primitive lineages of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and
viruses emerged from the primordial pool of primitive genetic elements. In this genetic pool …