Accumulating evidence from animal and human research shows exercise benefits learning
and memory, which may reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases, and could delay …

Diabetes often leads to a number of complications involving brain function, including
cognitive decline and depression. In addition, depression is a risk factor for developing …

Previous research has shown that bilingual speakers have higher levels of cognitive control
than comparable monolinguals, especially at older ages. The present study investigates a …

Environmental enrichment (EE) increases dentate gyrus (DG) neurogenesis and brain-
derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. However, running is considered an element of …

The aim of the present study was to analyze the action of metformin on short-term memory,
glial cell activation and neuroinflammation caused by experimental diabetic encephalopathy …

Dietary interventions have emerged as effective environmental inducers of brain plasticity.
Among these dietary interventions, we here highlight the impact of caloric restriction (CR: a …

Adult-generated neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus have been the focus of
many studies concerned with learning and memory (L&M). It has been shown that …

Stress often occurs during toxicity studies. The perception of sensory stimuli as stressful
primarily results in catecholamine release and activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects neurons and glial cells
and leads to dementia. Growing evidence shows that glial changes may precede neuronal …

The provision of environmental enrichment to numerous species of laboratory animals is
generally considered routine husbandry. However, mouse enrichment has proven to be very …