Plant diseases are a constant and serious threat to agriculture and ecological biodiversity.
Plants possess a sophisticated innate immunity system capable of detecting and responding …

Effectors play a central role in determining the outcome of plant− pathogen interactions. As
key virulence proteins, effectors are collectively indispensable for disease development. By …

Elucidating the similarity and diversity of pathogen effectors is critical to understand their
evolution across fungal phytopathogens. However, rapid divergence that diminishes …

Species of the genus Phytophthora, the plant killer, cause disease and reduce yields in
many crop plants. Although many Resistance to Phytophthora infestans (Rpi) genes …

Secreted signaling peptides are central regulators of growth, development, and stress
responses, but specific steps in the evolution of these peptides and their receptors are not …

In the presence of pathogenic bacteria, plants close their stomata to prevent pathogen entry.
Intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors recognize …

In plants, host–pathogen coevolution often manifests in reciprocal, adaptive genetic
changes through variations in host nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptors …

Factors including climate change and increased global exchange are set to escalate the
prevalence of plant diseases, posing an unprecedented threat to global food security and …

Pathogenic fungi use secreted effector proteins to suppress immunity and support their
infection, but effectors have also been reported from fungi that engage in nutritional …

Pathogens produce diverse effector proteins to manipulate host cellular processes.
However, how functional diversity is generated in an effector repertoire is poorly understood …