Besides the deposition of storage reserves, seed maturation is characterized by the
acquisition of functional traits including germination, desiccation tolerance, dormancy, and …

Development is remarkably reproducible, producing organs with the same size, shape, and
function repeatedly from individual to individual. For example, every flower on the …

Controlling cell division plane orientation is essential for morphogenesis in multicellular
organisms. In plant cells, the future cortical division plane is marked before mitotic entry by …

Organ sizes and shapes are strikingly reproducible, despite the variable growth and division
of individual cells within them. To reveal which mechanisms enable this precision, we …

Growth variability generates mechanical conflicts in tissues. In plants, cortical microtubules
usually align with maximal tensile stress direction, thereby mechanically reinforcing cell …

Variability is observed in biology across multiple scales, ranging from populations,
individuals, and cells to the molecular components within cells. This review explores the …

To design strains that can function efficiently in complex industrial settings, it is crucial to
consider their robustness, that is, the stability of their performance when faced with …

Plant interphase cortical microtubules (cMTs) mediate anisotropic cell expansion in
response to environmental and developmental cues. In Arabidopsis thaliana, KATANIN 1 …

The expansion of gene families during evolution, which can generate functional overlap or
specialization among their members, is a characteristic feature of signalling pathways in …

Land plants evolved about 470 million years ago or even earlier, in a biological crust-
dominated terrestrial flora. The origin of land plants was probably one of the most significant …