Fear extinction is a biological process in which learned fear behavior diminishes without
anticipated reinforcement, allowing the organism to re-adapt to ever-changing situations …

Associative learning induces physical changes to a network of cells, known as the memory
engram. Fear is widely used as a model to understand the circuit motifs that underpin …

Fear conditioning is encoded by strengthening synaptic connections between the neurons
activated by a conditioned stimulus (CS) and those activated by an unconditioned stimulus …

Initially hippocampal dependent, memory representations rely on a broadly distributed
cortical network as they mature over time. How these cortical engrams acquire stability …

Inaccessibility of stored memory in ensemble cells through the forgetting process causes
animals to be unable to respond to natural recalling cues. While accumulating evidence has …

In the hippocampus, environmental changes elicit rearrangement of active neuronal
ensembles or remapping of place cells. However, it remains elusive how the brain ensures a …

Long-term potentiation of synaptic strength is a fundamental aspect of learning and memory.
Memories are believed to be stored within specific populations of neurons known as engram …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial chronic disease. Patients with IBD have
an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer which has become a major health …

When neurons are recruited to form the memory engram, they are driven to activate the
expression of a series of immediate-early genes (IEGs). While these IEGs have been used …

Engram labelling and manipulation methodologies are now a staple of contemporary
neuroscientific practice, giving the impression that the physical basis of engrams has been …