Study design: Systematic review. Objectives: To conduct a systematic review of evidence
surrounding the effects of exercise on physical fitness in people with spinal cord injury (SCI) …

Objectives The objective of this review was to summarize and appraise evidence on
functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling exercise after spinal cord injury (SCI), in order …

Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) often experience bone loss and muscle atrophy.
Muscle atrophy can result in reduced metabolic rate and increase the risk of metabolic …

We investigated whether acute systemic exercise increases vascular endothelial growth
factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor (KDR and Flt-1) mRNA, and VEGF protein in sedentary …

The morphological and contractile changes of muscles below the level of the lesion after
spinal cord injury (SCI) are dramatic. In humans with SCI, a fiber‐type transformation away …

The paralyzed musculoskeletal system retains a remarkable degree of plasticity after spinal
cord injury (SCI). In response to reduced activity, muscle atrophies and shifts toward a fast …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to severe bone loss in the paralysed limbs and to a resulting
increased fracture risk thereof. Since long bone fractures can lead to comorbidities and a …

Body-weight supported locomotor training (BWST) promotes recovery of load-bearing
stepping in lower mammals, but its efficacy in individuals with a spinal cord injury (SCI) is …

Participation in physical activity is fundamental for the maintenance of metabolic health and
the prevention of major chronic diseases, particularly type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular …

This article outlines steps to practical application of functional electrical stimulation (FES)
within activity-based restorative therapy (ABRT). Drawing from current evidence, specific …