Apple is the fourth most important fruit produced and eaten around the world with a
production of 84 million tonnes in 2014. The modern cultivated apple (Malus× domestica …

Apple is one of the most widely cultivated fruit crops world‐wide, and apple yield benefits
from pollination by insects. The global decline in wild pollinator populations raises concern …

Land-use change threatens global biodiversity and may reshape the tree of life by favoring
some lineages over others. Whether phylogenetic diversity loss compromises ecosystem …

Recent concern over global pollinator declines has led to considerable research on the
effects of pesticides on bees,,,,. Although pesticides are typically not encountered at lethal …

Insect pollination is important for food production globally and apples are one of the major
fruit crops which are reliant on this ecosystem service. It is fundamentally important that the …

Understanding the importance of biodiversity in applied settings is a central theme for
ecologists. Pollination is an essential ecosystem service, which may rely on biodiversity for …

Despite global interest in the role of pollinators for food production, their impact on farmers'
profit, which determines farmers' livelihood and land-use decisions, is unclear. Although …

Apple production in the UK is worth over£ 100 million per annum and this production is
heavily dependent on insect pollination. Despite its importance, it is not clear which insect …

Apple is grown as a long‐term perennial crop and orchards provide relatively stable
ecological habitats. Only a small proportion of the diverse fauna of arthropods that can …

Abstract Calcium (Ca) sprays and Ca applications to soil throughout the growing season or
Ca solution dips at post-harvest are widespread practices to supply Ca and decrease bitter …