Gene therapy has historically been defined as the addition of new genes to human cells.
However, the recent advent of genome-editing technologies has enabled a new paradigm in …

Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs)
comprise a powerful class of tools that are redefining the boundaries of biological research …

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as regulators of diverse biological
processes. Here, we describe the initial functional analysis of a poorly characterized human …

TALEN were the first easy-to-use genome editing technology and sparked the genome
editing revolution. Their application in multiple species brought targeted mutagenesis to the …

In bacteria, foreign nucleic acids are silenced by clustered, regularly interspaced, short
palindromic repeats (CRISPR)–CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems. Bacterial type II CRISPR …

The RNA-programmable Cas9 endonuclease cleaves double-stranded DNA at sites
complementary to a 20-base-pair guide RNA. The Cas9 system has been used to modify …

Targeted nucleases have provided researchers with the ability to manipulate virtually any
genomic sequence, enabling the facile creation of isogenic cell lines and animal models for …

Engineered nucleases enable the targeted alteration of nearly any gene in a wide range of
cell types and organisms. The newly-developed transcription activator-like effector …

Recent advances with the type II clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
(CRISPR) system promise an improved approach to genome editing. However, the …

Figure 1 High-efficiency targeted gene editing using TALENs.(a) Overlapping elements
targeted by two pairs (1 and 2) of designer TALENs in the Os11N3 promoter.(b–d) …