In the last decades, evidence suggesting the direct or indirect involvement of B cells on
multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis has accumulated. The increased amount of data on …

Comorbidities in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) has become an area of increasing
interest in the recent years. A comorbidity is defined as any additional disease that coexists …

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and S1P receptors (S1PR) are bioactive lipid molecules
that are ubiquitously expressed in the human body and play an important role in the immune …

The immune system plays a significant role in multiple sclerosis. While MS was historically
thought to be T cell-mediated, multiple pieces of evidence now support the view that B cells …

The treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common chronic inflammatory,
demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic but solid shield in the cerebral microvascular
system. It plays a pivotal role in maintaining central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis by …

Ocrelizumab, rituximab, ofatumumab, ublituximab, inebilizumab, and evobrutinib are
immunotherapies that target various B cell–related proteins. Most of these treatments have …

Importance A recent randomized clinical trial concluded that discontinuing medium-efficacy
therapy might be a reasonable option for older patients with nonactive multiple sclerosis …

Monoclonal antibodies have become a mainstay in the treatment of patients with relapsing
multiple sclerosis (RMS) and provide some benefit to patients with primary progressive MS …

Introduction Studies investigating rates and risk factors for serious safety events (SSEs)
during rituximab treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum …