Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids are analgesics used for
moderate to severe pain in many animals, including reptiles. However, reptilian dosing …

Nociception is the processing of information by the peripheral and central nervous system
(CNS) about internal or external stimuli to the body. Pain implies processing of this …

The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of meloxicam were investigated after single
intravascular (IV), intramuscular (IM), and oral dose of 1 mg/kg in rainbow trout broodstock at …

The amount of blood pumped by the heart (cardiac output) must be matched to the amount
of blood returning to the heart (venous return), but the factors determining cardiac filling are …

Simple Summary Rescue and rehabilitative medicine of sea turtles must deal with several
circumstances that would be certainly considered painful in other species (trauma, situations …

The aim of this study was to determine the changes in the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in
goat kids who were castrated following the administration of xylazine. Six goat kids were …

Objective To determine the pharmacokinetics of tolfenamic acid (TA) after different routes of
administration [intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM), 2 mg kg− 1] and doses (IV, 2 and 4 …

Although I have spent much of my career trying to understand reptile pain and how to treat it,
and the past 20 years have witnessed an explosion of published reptile analgesia …

Mediterranean tortoises predominantly belong to the genus Testudo. These tortoises are
native to areas of southern Europe, northern Africa, and the Middle East and many species …

The need for timely and appropriate recognition, assessment, and treatment of pain in all
veterinary species, including exotic pets, cannot be overstated. Although the assessment of …