As sessile organisms, plants evolved elaborate metabolic systems that produce a plethora of
specialized metabolites as a means to survive challenging terrestrial environments …

Evolution is the hallmark of life. Descriptions of the evolution of microorganisms have
provided a wealth of information, but knowledge regarding “what happened” has precluded …

Transcription rates are regulated by the interactions between RNA polymerase, sigma factor,
and promoter DNA sequences in bacteria. However, it remains unclear how non-canonical …

Abstract Design of de novo synthetic regulatory DNA is a promising avenue to control gene
expression in biotechnology and medicine. Using mutagenesis typically requires screening …

How transcription factors (TFs) interpret cis-regulatory DNA sequence to control gene
expression remains unclear, largely because past studies using native and engineered …

Despite enormous progress in understanding the fundamentals of bacterial gene regulation,
our knowledge remains limited when compared with the number of bacterial genomes and …

Steady-state protein abundance is set by four rates: transcription, translation, mRNA decay
and protein decay. A given protein abundance can be obtained from infinitely many …

Genomes encode for genes and non-coding DNA, both capable of transcriptional activity.
However, unlike canonical genes, many transcripts from non-coding DNA have limited …

The origin story and emergence of molecular biology is muddled. The early triumphs in
bacterial genetics and the complexity of animal and plant genomes complicate an intricate …

Synthetic biology continues to progress by relying on more robust tools for transcriptional
control, of which promoters are the most fundamental component. Numerous studies have …