Major depression is a leading contributor to the global burden of disease. This situation is
mainly related to the chronicity and/or recurrence of the disorder, and to poor response to …

Depression is apparently the most common psychiatric disease among the mood disorders
affecting about 10% of the adult population. The etiology and pathogenesis of depression …

Although the etiology and expression of psychiatric disorders are complex, mammals show
biologically preserved behavioral and neurobiological responses to valent stimuli which …

The neurobiology of stress and the neurobiology of social behavior are deeply intertwined.
The social environment interacts with stress on almost every front: social interactions can be …

Life on earth has adapted to the day-night cycle by evolution of internal, so-called circadian
clocks that adjust behavior and physiology to the recurring changes in environmental …

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a major component of the systems that
respond to stress, by coordinating the neuroendocrine and autonomic responses. Tightly …

Sex differences have been observed across many psychiatric diseases, especially mood
disorders. For major depression, the most prevalent psychiatric disorder, females show a …

Research has elucidated causal links between stress exposure and the development of
anxiety disorders, but due to the limited use of female or sex-comparative animal models …

Numerous studies have employed repeated social defeat stress (RSDS) to study the
neurobiological mechanisms of depression in rodents. An important limitation of RSDS …

Historically, preclinical stress studies have often omitted female subjects, despite evidence
that women have higher rates of anxiety and depression. In rodents, many stress …