We provide a critical review of the chemical composition and structure of synthetic and
biogenic (bone/dentin mineral) nanocrystalline hydroxy-carbonate apatite (HCA). Such …

Amelogenin, a protein critical to enamel formation, is presented as a model for
understanding how the structure of biomineralization proteins orchestrate biomineral …

Human osteocalcin (OC) undergoes reversible, vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxylation at
three glutamic acid residues, modulating its release from bones and its hormonal roles. A …

Details of apatite formation and development in bone below the nanometer scale remain
enigmatic. Regulation of mineralization was shown to be governed by the activity of non …

At a time of unpredictable challenges for health, one trend is certain: there is an exceedingly
high demand for functional implants, particularly bone grafts. This has encouraged the …

Bone-derived cytokines refer to various proteins and peptides that are released from the
skeleton and can distribute in organisms to regulate homeostasis by targeting many organs …

Materials containing a calcium phosphate component have been the subject of much
interest to NMR spectroscopists, especially in view of understanding the structure and …

Osteocalcin (Ocn), also known as bone Gla protein, is synthesized by osteoblasts and
thought to regulate energy metabolism, testosterone synthesis and brain development …

Interactions between biomolecules and structurally disordered calcium phosphate (CaP)
surfaces are crucial for the regulation of bone mineralization by noncollagenous proteins …

Solid-state NMR spectroscopy has played an important role in multidisciplinary studies of
the extracellular matrix. Here we review how solid-state NMR has been used to probe …