Creatine (Cr) is a ubiquitous molecule that is synthesized mainly in the liver, kidneys, and
pancreas. Most of the Cr pool is found in tissues with high-energy demands. Cr enters target …

Eukaryotic cells across the tree of life organize their subcellular components via intracellular
transport mechanisms. In canonical transport, myosin, kinesin, and dynein motor proteins …

Inhibition of Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a popular explanation for the effects of
lithium ions on mood regulation in bipolar disorder and other mental illnesses, including …

DNA has shown great biocompatibility, programmable mechanical properties, and precise
structural addressability at the nanometer scale, rendering it a material for constructing …

Germin (GER) and germin-like proteins (GLPs) play an important role in various plant
processes. Zea mays contains 26 germin-like protein genes (ZmGLPs) located on …

Crops genetically engineered to produce insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus
thuringiensis have advanced pest management, but their benefits are diminished when …

Most of the vesicular transport pathways inside the cell are facilitated by molecular motors
that move along cytoskeletal networks. Autophagy is a well-explored catabolic pathway that …

Diverse DNA and RNA viruses utilize cytoskeletal networks to efficiently enter, replicate, and
exit the host cell, while evading host immune responses. It is well established that the …

Algae mostly occur either as unicellular (microalgae) or multicellular (macroalgae) species,
both being uninucleate. There are important exceptions, however, as some unicellular algae …

Trichomes are specialized epidermal cells in aerial plant parts. Trichome development
proceeds in three stages, determination of cell fate, specification, and morphogenesis. Most …