Abstract 4D printing refers to single-material or multi-material printing of a device or object
that can be transformed from a 1D strand into pre-programed 3D shape, from a 2D surface …

Additive manufacturing (AM) is the process of printing 3D objects in a layer‐by‐layer
manner. Polymers and their composites are some of the most widely used materials in …

The use of additive manufacturing (AM) has moved well beyond prototyping and has been
established as a highly versatile manufacturing method with demonstrated potential to …

Soft robotics is a growing field of research, focusing on constructing motor‐less robots from
highly compliant materials, some are similar to those found in living organisms. Soft robotics …

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) and functionally graded structures (FGSs) are special
types of advanced composites with peculiar features and advantages. This article reviews …

Fused filament fabrication (FFF), a much-appreciated three-dimensional printing (3DP)
technology, has triggered the industrial innovations by providing viable and cost-effective …

Abstract 3D printing will revolutionize the manufacturing industry. Significant advances in
computer aided design, additive manufacturing and materials science have opened up the …

Smart materials, also known as intelligent materials, which are responsive to the external
stimuli including heat, moisture, stress, pH, and magnetic fields, have found extensive …

Vat photopolymerization is a widely adopted additive manufacturing process category owing
to its high accuracy and accessibility. These technologies utilize a light source to cure the …

We present a new 4D printing approach that can create high resolution (up to a few
microns), multimaterial shape memory polymer (SMP) architectures. The approach is based …