Cancer is characterized as a complex disease caused by coordinated alterations of multiple
signaling pathways. The Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling is one of the best-defined …

Modern medicine has been waging a war on cancer for nearly a century with no tangible
end in sight. Cancer treatments have significantly progressed, but the need to increase …

The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling cascade is essential for cell inter-and intra-
cellular communication, which regulates fundamental cell functions such as growth, survival …

Abstract The RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK pathway is the most well-studied of the MAPK cascades
and is critical for cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Abnormalities in regulation …

Molecular target inhibitors have been regularly approved by Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) for tumor treatment, and most of them intervene in tumor cell proliferation and …

Abstract The PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK pathways are commonly activated by
mutations and chromosomal translocation in vital targets. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling …

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare neoplastic disorder caused by somatic genetic
alterations in hematopoietic precursor cells differentiating into CD1a+/CD207+ histiocytes …

MAPK targeting in cancer often fails due to MAPK reactivation. MEK inhibitor (MEKi)
monotherapy provides limited clinical benefits but may serve as a foundation for …

Molecular profiling studies have shown that 85% of canine urothelial carcinomas (UC)
harbor an activating BRAF V595E mutation, which is orthologous to the V600E variant found …

The RAS-ERK pathway is a fundamental signaling cascade crucial for many biological
processes including proliferation, cell cycle control, growth, and survival; common across all …