Major differences between men and women exist in epidemiology, manifestation,
pathophysiology, treatment, and outcome of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), such as …

Bruce McEwen's discovery of receptors for corticosterone in the rat hippocampus introduced
higher brain circuits in the neuroendocrinology of stress. Subsequently, these receptors …

The estrogen receptor (ER) is a ligand-activated enhancer protein that is a member of the
steroid/nuclear receptor superfamily. Two genes encode mammalian ER: ERα and ERβ. ER …

Androgen receptor (AR) is a member of the steroid hormone receptor family of molecules.
AR primarily is responsible for mediating the physiologic effects of androgens by binding to …

Under normal conditions, the adrenal glucocorticoids, the endproduct of the hypothalamic‐
pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis, provide a frontline of defence against threats to homeostasis …

Steroid receptors bind as dimers to a degenerate set of response elements containing
inverted repeats of a hexameric half-site separated by 3 bp of spacer (IR3). Naturally …

The ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone are master regulators of the development
and function of a broad spectrum of human tissues, including the breast, reproductive and …

Estrogens exert their regulatory potential on gene expression through different nuclear and
non-nuclear mechanisms. A direct nuclear approach is the interaction of estrogen with …

In mammals, secretin is a 27-amino acid peptide that was first studied in 1902 by Bayliss
and Starling from the extracts of the jejunal mucosa for its ability to stimulate pancreatic …

The human type I interferon (IFN) genes are clustered on human chromosome 9p21 and the
mouse genes are located in the region of conserved synteny on mouse chromosome 4. We …