The chemical senses—smell and taste—allow animals to evaluate and distinguish valuable
food resources from dangerous substances in the environment. The central mechanisms by …

▪ Abstract Insect odor and taste receptors are highly sensitive detectors of food, mates, and
oviposition sites. Following the identification of the first insect odor and taste receptors in …

Associating stimuli with positive or negative reinforcement is essential for survival, but a
complete wiring diagram of a higher-order circuit supporting associative memory has not …

Mapping neural circuits across defined synapses is essential for understanding brain
function. Here we describe trans-Tango, a technique for anterograde transsynaptic circuit …

Summary Background: Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) convey chemical information into
the brain, producing internal representations of odors detected in the periphery. A …

The analysis of microcircuitry (the connectivity at the level of individual neuronal processes
and synapses), which is indispensable for our understanding of brain function, is based on …

During classical conditioning, a positive or negative value is assigned to a previously neutral
stimulus, thereby changing its significance for behavior. If an odor is associated with a …

The sense of smell enables animals to react to long-distance cues according to learned and
innate valences. Here, we have mapped with electron microscopy the complete wiring …

The mushroom body (MB) of the insect brain has important roles in odor learning and
memory and in diverse other brain functions. To elucidate the anatomical basis underlying …

The mushroom body is required for a variety of behaviors of Drosophila melanogaster.
Different types of intrinsic and extrinsic mushroom body neurons might underlie its functional …