By formalizing the relationship between genotype or phenotype and fitness, fitness
landscapes harbor information on molecular and evolutionary constraints. The shape of the …

Bacteria have evolved multiple mechanisms for the efficient evolution and spread of
antimicrobial resistance. Modern food production facilitates the emergence and spread of …

RNA viruses are ubiquitous intracellular parasites that are responsible for many emerging
diseases, including AIDS and SARS. Here, we discuss the principal mechanisms of RNA …

Background GC pairs are generally more stable than AT pairs; GC-rich genomes were
proposed to be more adapted to high temperatures than AT-rich genomes. Previous studies …

The fixation probability, the probability that the frequency of a particular allele in a population
will ultimately reach unity, is one of the cornerstones of population genetics. In this review …

During antibiotic treatment, the evolution of bacterial pathogens is fundamentally affected by
bottlenecks and varying selection levels imposed by the drugs. Bottlenecks—that is …

Malaria parasites cause much morbidity and mortality to their human hosts. From our
evolutionary perspective, this is because virulence is positively associated with parasite …

Beneficial mutations are intuitively relevant to understanding adaptation [1–3], yet not all
beneficial mutations are of consequence to the long-term evolutionary outcome of …

Bacterial communities are taxonomically highly diverse, yet the mechanisms that maintain
this diversity remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that an obligate and mutual …

The primary impediment to formulating a general theory for adaptive evolution has been the
unknown distribution of fitness effects for new beneficial mutations. By applying extreme …