Microglia are ramified cells that exhibit highly motile processes, which continuously survey
the brain parenchyma and react to any insult to the CNS homeostasis. Although microglia …

Trauma can affect any individual at any location and at any time over a lifespan. The
disruption of macrobarriers and microbarriers induces instant activation of innate immunity …

S100B is a Ca2+‐binding protein mainly concentrated in astrocytes. Its levels in biological
fluids (cerebrospinal fluid, peripheral and cord blood, urine, saliva, amniotic fluid) are …

Studying the complex molecular mechanisms involved in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is
crucial for developing new therapies for TBI. Current treatments for TBI are primarily focused …

Excessive and prolonged neuroinflammation following traumatic brain injury (TBI)
contributes to long-term tissue damage and poor functional outcomes. However, the …

Background Microglial polarization and the subsequent neuroinflammatory response are
contributing factors for traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced secondary injury. High mobile …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability in young adults in the
developed world. The accuracy of early outcome-prediction remains poor even when all …

Abstract The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic is an unprecedented worldwide
health crisis. COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2, a highly infectious pathogen that is …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains the major cause of disability and mortality worldwide
due to the persistent neuroinflammation and neuronal death induced by TBI. Among them …

The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system (CNS) and serves to connect the brain
to the peripheral nervous system and peripheral tissues. The cell types that primarily …