Phosphatidic acid (PA) is an essential phospholipid involved in membrane biosynthesis and
signal transduction in all eukaryotes. This review focuses on its role as lipid second …

SUMMARY A review of type III effectors (T3 effectors) from strains of Xanthomonas reveals a
growing list of candidate and known effectors based on functional assays and sequence and …

Adaptation to specialized environments allows microorganisms to inhabit an enormous
variety of ecological niches. Growth inside plant tissues is a niche offering a constant …

Pathogenicity of Xanthomonas and most other Gram-negative phytopathogenic bacteria
depends on a conserved type III secretion (T3S) system which injects more than 25 different …

Eukaryotic organisms rely on intricate signaling networks to connect recognition of microbes
with the activation of efficient defense reactions. Accumulating evidence indicates that …

Plants are nonmotile life forms that are constantly exposed to changing environmental
conditions during the course of their life cycle. Fluctuations in environmental conditions can …

Plant pathogenic bacteria deliver effectors into plant cells to suppress immunity and promote
pathogen survival; however, these effectors can be recognized by plant disease resistance …

The pathogenic bacteria Yersinia spp. contain a virulence plasmid that encodes a type III
secretion system and effectors. During infection, four of the effectors target the actin …

The mammalian immune system has evolved under continuous selective pressure from a
wide range of microorganisms that colonize and replicate in animal hosts. A complex set of …

Recent studies on a bacterial virulence factor, YopJ of Yersinia, have led to the realization
that the acetylation of serine and threonine residues could be an important form of post …