In 1918, a strain of influenza A virus caused a human pandemic resulting in the deaths of 50
million people. A century later, with the advent of sequencing technology and corresponding …

Animal migrations are often spectacular, and migratory species harbor zoonotic pathogens
of importance to humans. Animal migrations are expected to enhance the global spread of …

Summary Background On March 30, 2013, a novel avian influenza A H7N9 virus that infects
human beings was identified. This virus had been detected in six provinces and municipal …

Influenza A viruses are zoonotic pathogens that continuously circulate and change in
several animal hosts, including birds, pigs, horses and humans. The emergence of novel …

We surveyed the genetic diversity among avian influenza virus (AIV) in wild birds,
comprising 167 complete viral genomes from 14 bird species sampled in four locations …

A wide range of influenza A viruses of pigs and birds have infected humans in the last
decade, sometimes with severe clinical consequences. Each of these so-called zoonotic …

Wild ducks are the main reservoir of influenza A viruses that can be transmitted to domestic
poultry and mammals, including humans. Of the 16 hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes of …

Reassortment is the process by which influenza viruses swap gene segments. This genetic
exchange is possible due to the segmented nature of the viral genome and occurs when two …

The ecology of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has significantly changed
from sporadic outbreaks in terrestrial poultry to persistent circulation in terrestrial and aquatic …

Avian influenza virus (AIV) persists in North American wild waterfowl, exhibiting major
outbreaks every 2–4 years. Attempts to explain the patterns of periodicity and persistence …